尿失禁——男性
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定义
尿失禁 is a problem with the control of 尿液 as it 从身体流出. A person may have minor leaks or more severe wetting. 有 different 类型s of urinary incontinence, such as:
- Stress incontinence—尿液 (pee) leaks out during activity 和 when coughing, 打喷嚏或大笑
- Urge incontinence (overactive bladder)—the muscle of the bladder squeezes when it should not 和 lets 尿液 leak out
- Overflow incontinence—the bladder does not empty the right way, so 尿液 builds up 在里面溢出
- Functional incontinence—the bladder is normal, but it is hard to reach the toilet in time
原因
Many things can cause incontinence. In 有些人, the cause may 不清楚. 原因 can also vary by 类型 of incontinence.
Stress incontinence may be caused by:
- Weakening of the muscles that hold the bladder in place
- Weakening of the muscles that control the flow of 尿液
- Damage to the muscles that control 尿液 flow after 前列腺癌 手术
- 肥胖
- Chronic cough due to smoking or health problems like chronic obstructive pulmonary 疾病
Urge incontinence may be caused by:
- 尿路感染
- 糖尿病 1型 和 类型 2
- Bladder irritation, such as a 肾结石 或肿瘤
- Drugs, such as hypnotics or diuretics
- 咖啡因
- 酒精
- 神经损伤是由于:
- 便秘
Overflow incontinence may be caused by:
- 前列腺肥大
- A bladder that is blocked, such as by a scar in the tube (urethra) that carries 尿液 from the bladder to the outside of the body
- Fecal impaction that puts pressure on 尿道
- Taking certain medicines, such as antidepressants, hypnotics, antipsychotics, beta-blockers, antihistamines, 和 calcium channel blockers
- 维生素B12缺乏
- 膀胱肌无力
- 神经损伤
Functional incontinence may be caused by:
- Health problems that make it hard to move, such as severe arthritis
- 医学s that cause confusion or sedation
风险因素
Things that may raise the risk of incontinence are:
- A history of 前列腺癌 手术
- 前列腺增大 良性前列腺 增生 (BPH)，感染，或 前列腺癌 癌症
- 尿路感染
- 肥胖
- 慢性肺病
- 尿道炎
- 抑郁症
- 痴呆,包括 阿尔茨海默 疾病
- 糖尿病
- 中风
- 多发性硬化症
- 脊髓损伤或疾病
Other things that may raise the risk are:
- 咖啡因
- 酒精
- β受体阻断剂
- Alpha-agonists
- 胆碱能药物
- 环磷酰胺
症状
Incontinence is any loss of bladder control. 结果可能是 it:
- Leaking when laughing, sneezing, lifting a heavy object, or any other activity that puts pressure on bladder (stress incontinence)
- Leaking plus a strong urge to pass 尿液 (urge incontinence)
- Problems holding 尿液 long enough to make it to bathroom
诊断
The doctor will ask about symptoms 和 past health. 一个物理 检查就完成了. A 前列腺癌 exam may also be done. 泌尿科医生:治疗泌尿系疾病的医生 问题是需要的.
Tests to help find the cause of the incontinence may include:
- 血液测试
- 尿液测试
- 超声波-查看膀胱
- 膀胱镜检查 —to view the lining of the bladder 和 尿道
- Urodynamic tests—to measure the flow of 尿液 和 the pressure in the bladder
治疗
Underlying causes will need to be treated. 这可能有助于 reduce or stop the incontinence. People who are not helped by these methods may need to 管理漏. 选项有:
健康的习惯
Some healthy habits can help 管理漏, such as:
- Bladder training—to empty the bladder on a regular schedule
- Avoiding incontinence triggers, such as caffeine 和 alcohol
- Reaching or maintaining a healthy weight
肌肉加强
Strengthening the muscles involved in passing 尿液 can help 有些人. 选项有:
- 凯格尔运动 —to strengthen the muscles that hold the bladder in place 和 control the flow of 尿液
- Painless electrical stimulation to muscles—to increase muscle strength faster 而不仅仅是锻炼
医学
医学s that cause incontinence may be stopped or changed. Other medicines may be 鉴于 to relax bladder muscles. 肉毒杆菌毒素 注射也可能是 鉴于.
管理泄漏的工具
Some tools can help absorb or collect 尿液 that leaks, such as:
- 吸水性尿布或内裤
- A tube that collects 尿液 from the penis or urethra 和 stores it in a bag
- A penile clamp to put light pressure on penis to help stop leaking
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手术
People who are not helped by these methods may need 手术. The 手术 that is done will depend on the cause.
预防
To lower the risk of incontinence:
- Reach or maintain a healthy weight.
- Avoid food or drinks that can irritate the bladder, such as caffeine, alcohol, or 辛辣的食物.
- Eat plenty of fruits 和 vegetables to lower the risk of constipation.
参考文献
- Bladder control problems (urinary incontinence). 国家 Institute of 糖尿病 和 Digestive 和 Kidney Diseases website. 可以在: http://www.的趋势.国家卫生研究院.gov/health-information/urologic-疾病s/bladder-control-problems?dkrd=/health-information/urologic-疾病s/bladder-control-problems-men.
- 尿失禁的治疗. 节制基金会网站. 可在:http://www.continence-foundation.org.uk.
- 尿失禁. 泌尿外科 Care Foundation website. 可在:http://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/u/urinary-incontinence.
- 男性尿失禁. EBSCO DynaMed网站. 可在:http://www.力学.com/approach-to/urinary-incontinence-in-men-25.